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Some years ago, Lost Worlds came across a pernicious, misleading book that seems determined to provoke hatred of Jewish people in Afro-Americans who during the later twentieth century adopted Islam as their faith. The allegations in the book are based mainly however in the Eighteenth Century experience, when Negroes were enslaved in North America. The issues are serious enough to warrant treatment here. The book has no named authors, and is a compilation ...
The Nation of Islam, (Compilation), The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews. Vol. One. Chicago, Illinois/Boston, Mass, The Historical Research Department, The Nation of Islam, 1991 (Latimer Associates).
This book, as it styles itself, states: "Blacks and Jews have
recently begun to question their relationship and its strategic role
in their individual development. This report is an examination of
documented historical evidence and is intended to provide an
historical perspective for intellectual debate of this crucial social
matter."
This report is prepared by The Historical Research
Department of: The Nation of Islam. 1991. (PO Box 551, Boston, MA,
USA 02119. 1-800-48-TRUTH.
There is a disclaimer of sorts: "A Note on Sources. The information contained herein has been compiled primarily from Jewish historical literature. Every effort has been made to present evidence from the most respected of the Jewish authorities and whose works appear in established historical journals or are published by authoritative Jewish publishing houses. A substantial body of evidence that supports the findings herein was excluded by the editors and deemed to be from sources considered anti-Semitic and/or anti-Jewish."
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That said, the book then proceeds to become alarmingly anti-Semitic. Pitched somewhere in limbo between ill-motivated journalism and badly-done history, the introduction begins, "Throughout history Jews have faced charges of economic exploitation of Gentile communities around the world. Indeed, no single group of people have faced blanket expulsion in so many places around the world as frequently as have the Jews. The pattern and the charges are familiar: monopolization, usury, "sharp practices", selling "cheap" goods, frequent bankruptcies, etc."
It's a wonderfully vilifying beginning for a "non-vilifying book" which by its end has systematically listed a great number of Jewish merchants from the Caribbean, to North American ports, to Amsterdam, allegedly engaged in slave trading or slave-usage of various sorts during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, into the Nineteenth.
For those interested, very long lists of English merchants
from
the 1670s involved in the slave trade in various ways can be found in
K. G. Davies, The Royal African Company.
[Orig. 1957]
London, Longmans, 1960.
For those even more interested, many of the merchants named have descendants listed in the commonly-used listings for upper-class English families. As for Scots? It is hard, before 1775, not to see the Scots-born tobacco traders active in North American colonies as also being profiteers from slavery.
Davies' book, which could have said much more than it does, is not listed in The Nation of Islam's book, but we do find out much on "Jewish slavers" of Amsterdam (and New Amsterdam), Baltimore, Brazil, British West Indian Caribbean, Charleston, England, Jamaica, Latin America, Louisiana, Mobile, Alabama, the Mississippi area, Netherland Antilles, New England, Newport, Rhode Island, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Richmond, Virginia, South Carolina, Surinam. (And Lost Worlds also thought that Thomas Jefferson, a non-Jewish gentleman, owned slaves! See the movie, Jefferson in Paris.)
But even in the introduction, this book reveals its prejudices, biases and slants: Jews... "participated in every aspect of the international slave trade". Well, so did English merchants, and Scots, Dutch, French, Spanish and Portuguese merchants, many of whom have been named in historical treatments. Many European monarchs and politicians failed to speak against the slave trade, as did Christianity generally, (except for some Quakers in North America); and the faith of Islam. Nothing about the slave trade was as simple as this book would make out, and certainly not the vast maritime history involved.
For example, in the late 1780s, soon after the first convicts were sent to Australia, an Englishman visiting the West African slave coasts, and later writing, noted that about 25 per cent of Negroes sent into slavery were offenders against the laws of their own societies. This man's point was that the West African tribal leaders were taking advantage of European slavers in order to "transport" their criminals - not unlike the British government of the time. This of course excuses nothing.
In the Eighteenth Century, slave owning, slave exchange, slave trading, was so common, that it is grossly unfair to single out any particular group because of their involvement in such evils. The slave trading industries were so vastly spread, that the more one knows about it, the more one admires the Protestant Christians of Clapham, London, who formed the first effective abolition movement. And here it also seems impossible to find any Eighteenth or Nineteenth Century tirades from Islamic observers complaining about slavery. (In the late Eighteenth Century, English and American traders were also being greatly bothered by Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean).
But perhaps regarding the Nineteenth Century, just one citation will serve to demonstrate that Islamic commentators have been slow to speak against the slave trades. In a book by a Middle-Easterner, George Fadlo Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Beirut, Khayats, 1963., there is cited, (p. 100), as "Captain Colomb observed of the Arab slave-vessels"... P. H. Colomb, Slave-Catching in the Indian Ocean. London, 1873.
So as a follow-up, when will the Nation of Islam in Chicago Illinois, and Boston, Massachusetts, produce a book on Arab slave-catchers of the Indian Ocean?
With the state of slavery today in India, and the Philippines, both states somewhat influenced by Islam, it would seem that The Nation of Islam (in the United States) has no business whatsoever compiling and publishing pernicious, slanted, pseudo-historical material about any "secret relationship" of enslavement between Jews and Blacks in the Eighteenth Century. (As Lost Worlds found a few years ago, there are a surprising number of Internet websites commenting on contemporary slavery.)
And as we find from recent reading on the Crusades, in those days, and despite frequent inter-faith conflict, Islamic traders made special arrangements with Europeans to keep open a long-used slave route from Southern Russia down to Moslem-ruled Egypt. Would this be a surprise to "Islamic" commentators?
This anti-Jewish book is to be complained about, since for the non-educated, it resembles a history book; which it is not. It seems a deliberate attempt to provoke trouble.
Lost Worlds might not have bothered to mention this, if another remark about history from unnamed-but-Islamic commentators had not been found recently on a website. Concerning Indian history generally, before the time of the British Raj, the claim is made that from the battles won by Clive of India in the 1750s and 1760s, great wealth was torn from India and "used to fund" the Industrial Revolution in England. That is, used to develop and promote the use of inventions such as the spinning jennny, the steam engine, the works of Arkwright and so on. Lost Worlds is aware of only one book by an Indian historian which mentions this precise claim in print media - long before the advent of the Internet:
And that is:
Tara Chand, History of the
Freedom Movement in
India. Vol. 1. New Delhi, Publications Division, Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1970.
Here
in
Chand, pp. 332-334, and citing Brook Adams, The Laws of
Civilisation and Decay, nd., pp. 259-260...
is
comment on the
sufferings of India soon after the military successes of Clive of
India. Chand says that this English misuse of Indian wealth is why
the Industrial Revoution began from 1760, and not before - but the
claim is not provable.
This claim, whether it comes from Chand or not, would be fascinating to consider if it were true. It cannot be proved to be true, and so it is so far a baseless assertion. To prove any such truth, and not to deny that wealth was unfairly extracted from India by the English East India Company - and nor was the Bengal famine any joy to consider - one would have to do a great deal of research on precisely which English bankers funnelled which amounts of money as deposited by which English Nabobs active in India - or their associates at home - and this is extremely difficult, if not impossible.
So how does such a baseless assertion - about what becomes world history - find itself on a website that directs one to other Islamic commentary? Because some uninformed person put it there, presumably.
True, the Industrial Revolution in England was funded and actively promoted, but it is not so far possible to say with any precision where the money involved came from. The money may have come also from the slave trade, from the cleaner trade of the Anglo-Russia merchants (who funded the movement to abolish slavery). No one yet has actually researched the financing of England's Industrial Revolution in any depth.
And so it finally seems, that Islamic clerics (well-read in history) could perhaps be more attentive to the work of the activists in their communities who wish to misuse historical information for... what purposes?
Additional notes: In a story in The Sydney Morning Herald, 12-2-2000, by Paul Harris, on slavery in Southern Sudan. A woman worth Aust$80 or 50,000 Sudanese pounds. Noting one group of 807 slaves held near the Bahr al-Arab River which divides the African south from the Arab north of Sudan. Arab traders are involved in the slave traffic. There may be 100,000 slaves in the Sudan, where the government is Islamist, based at Khartoum. There is a long tradition of Arab slave raids on the southern part of the country.
Finis
Anon- Compilation, Re the British Govt, Journal of the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, 1704-1782, 13 vols, London, 1920-1938.
| An Exchange with Nation of Islam in the US | At the end of 2003... |
| First exchange from Mr Darryl Muhammad somewhere in
the US (?) Lost Worlds' response to first exchange - And what
on earth would be your motive for requesting as above, when you cannot
be good enough, evidently, to tell me the slightest thing about
yourself, or your reasons for being interested in the topic, which I
happen to know is contentious; and when I have no way of backchecking
on the validity of the information you provide? Or is it just that you
are an ultra-shy person? - Kind regards for the New Year, Dan Byrnes. See remarks above on: The Nation of Islam, (Compilation), The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews. Vol. One. Chicago, Illinois/Boston, Mass, The Historical Research Department, The Nation of Islam, 1991 (Latimer Associates). | To explain... At the end of 2003, this webpage out-of-the-blue received the following email from Darryl Muhammad, who mostly refuses to discuss himself or his interests in the topic. Firstly, I live in Australia, which makes it difficult to obtain specialty US-sourced reading. Secondly, I have a policy of not responding to emailers who fail to say where they are coming from, as they usually turn out to be "inconvenient", as below. Thirdly - things below will probably speak for themselves... This website tends to respond
badly to spam and to anonymously-made demands about anything, but
always replies courteously and respectfully to people with useful views
who also care to identify themselves in ways which enhance an email
conversation - Ed |
|
Ends An Exchange with Nation of Islam |
Anon- Compilation, The Importance of the Sugar Colonies to Great Britain. London, 1731.
Anon - Compilation, 1788, Report of the Committee of the Lords of the Privy Council for all matters relating to Trade and Foreign Plantations, 1788. [compares French and British colonies of the period].
Compilation, Report on the Commercial State of the West India Colonies, 1807.; various citations on the import of labour to West Indies from East Indies, coolie trade etc, after 1830s, from E. W. Williams, pp. 536ff.
Also re William Pitt, see Chatam papers; Minutes of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in Add Mss at BL.
Anon - Compilation, A Report on the Proceedings of the Committee of Sugar Refiners, for the purpose of effecting a reduction in the high prices of sugar, by lowering the bounty of refined sugar exported, and correcting the evils of the West India Monopoly. London, 1792.
Anon - Compilation, A source for early references on the West Indies is contained in Reports and Papers of the American Historical Association, for the year 1914, Part II, General Index to Papers and Reports .. 1884-1914, 1918., [Cited in Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 309.
Hubert H. S. Aimes, A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511-1868. New York, 1907.
J. Allen, Considerations on the Present State of the Intercourse between His Majesty's Sugar Colonies and the Dominions of the United States of America. London, 1784.
Joan Anim Addo, Sugar, Spice and Human Cargo: An Early Black History of GreenwichM. Greenwich Council, 1996. ISBN 0 90439921 4. (Joan Anim Addo works at the Caribbean Centre, Goldsmiths College, part of the University of London, in New Cross.)
Joan Anim Addo, Longest Journey: A History of Black Lewisham. Deptford Forum Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1 898536 21x.
Roger Anstey and P. E. H. Hair, (Eds.), Liverpool, The African Slave Trade and Abolition. Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Occasional Series No. 2. 1976.
Leonie J. Archer (Ed.), Slavery and Other Forms of Unfree Labour. New York, Routledge, 1988.
Gareth Austin, "Human Pawning in Asante, 1800-1950: Markets and Coercion, Gender and Cocoa," in Pawnship in Africa: Perspectives on Debt Bondage, Edited by Toyin Falola and Paul E. Lovejoy. Boulder, Westview Press, 1993., pp. 119-159.
Abd-el-Mohsen Bakir, Slavery in Pharonic Egypt. Cairo, 1952.
J. C. Ballagh, A History of Slavery in Virginia, Studies in History and Political Science. Extra vol., xxiv. Johns Hopkins University, 1902. J. Hopkins Press.
J. C. Ballagh, White Servitude in Virginia. 1895. Banks Papers, Australia and South Sea Islands. 1774-1809. vol. 20ff. A83. ML.
J. S. Bassett, The Southern Plantation Overseer. 1925. (See also, W. E. Dodd, The Cotton Kingdom. 1921.)
William Beckford, A Descriptive Account of the Island of Jamaica. Two vols. London. 1790, which is in M. Craton, J. Walvin and D. Wright, (Eds), Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation. London, 1976.
Gonzalo Aguirre Beltran, 'The Slave Trade in Mexico', Hispanic American Historical Review, XXIV, 1944, pp. 413ff.
J. Harry Bennett, Bondsmen and Bishops: Slavery and Apprenticeship on the Codrington Plantations of Barbados, 1710-1838. Berkely, Calif., 1958.
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Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery. London, Verso Press, 1998.
W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African-American Seamen in the Age of Sail. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, nd.
Lean'tin Bracks, Writings on Black Women of the Diaspora: History, Language, and Identity. Garland Publishing, 1998.
Carl and Robert Bridenbaugh, No Peace Beyond The Line: The English in the Caribbean, 1624-1690. New York, 1972.
A. D. Brown, British Possessions in the Caribbean Area, A Selected List of References. Library of Congress, Washington DC, 1943.
William W. Buckland, The Roman Law of Slavery: The Condition of the Slave in Private Law from Augustus to Justinian. Cambridge, England, 1908.
Sir Alan Burns, History of the British West Indies. London, 1954.
Madeleine Burnside, Spirits of the Passage: The Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Seventeenth Century. Edited by Rosemarie Robotham. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1997.
T. F. Buxton, The African Slave Trade. London, 1839.
John Campbell, Candid and impartial considerations on the nature of the sugar trade. London, 1763., [Cited in Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 301. a tract or pamphlet.]
A classic example of the vilification of the West Indian Negro is apparently Thomas Carlyle, An Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question. London, 1848.
Dev Raj Chanana, Slavery in Ancient India, as depicted in Pali and Sanskrit Texts. New Delhi, 1960.
T. Clarkson, An Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, particularly the African. London, 1786. (Clarkson later directed research for the anti-slavery movement.)
T. Clarkson, History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishments of the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Philadelphia, 1808. (London ed), 1839.
Mark Cocker, Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold: Europe's Conquest of Indigenous Peoples. New York, Grove Press, nd.
Yvonne Cramer, (Ed.), This Beauteous, Wicked Place: Letters and Journals of John Grant, Gentleman Convict. National Library of Australia, 2000.
F. Cundall, The Governors of Jamaica in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century. London, 1937.
C. W. Chalkin, Seventeenth-Century Kent. London, 1965.
Michael Craton, A History of the Bahamas. London, 1962.
M. Craton, J. Walvin and D. Wright, (Eds.), Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation: Black Slaves and the British Empire: a thematic documentary. London, Longman, 1976.
J. J. Crooks, Records Relating to the Gold Coast Settlements from 1750 to 1874. London, Frank Cass, 1973.
Frank Cundall, Bibliographica Jamaicensis. Kingston, Jamaica, 1902.
Frank Cundall, Historic Jamaica. London, 1908. (With an incomplete list of colonial agents.)
Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison, Wisconis, 1969.
Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History. Second edn. Cambridge University Press, 1998. (Highly recommended - Ed)
David Dabydeen, 'The Art of Darkness', in Links (periodical of Third World First) 1988
K. M. Dallas, `Slavery in Australia - Convicts, emigrants, Aborigines', Tasmanian Historical Research Association, Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 16, No 2, Sept 1968., pp. 61-77.
R. C. Dallas, The History of the Maroons. London, 1803; [being on the Jamaica slave uprising which anticipated the Haitian Revolution.]
Basil Davidson, Black Mother: Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Revised. London, Penguin, 1980.
David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western
Culture.
Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1966.
This book
names
the following Englishmen/North Americans as having some role in the
promotion of the use of slavery... (not given here in any particular
order)
1688, Governor Denonville of Canada; Emanuel Downing
the
brother-in-law of John Winthrop; Governor Willoughby of Jamaica,
about 1662; to 1756, along the North American coasts (Newport),
families named Peperrells, Saffins, Cabots, Faneuils, Belchers,
Browns; By 1720 the Scottish financier working in France, John Law,
helped reorganize a slaving company; By 1773, Stephen Fuller the
agent for Jamaica in London; in 1736, Virginian planter Colonel
William Byrd, whose father had been part-owner of a slave ship; to
1776, James Oglethorpe who owned slaves on a Carolina plantation,
deputy governor of the (English) Royal African Company; by 1746, an
apologist for slavery is Malachy Postlethwayt; by 1681 at the English
Cape Coast Castle, Captain Woodfin; by about 1600, Jesuits in South
America owned about 1,200 Negro slaves in Chile alone; in 1710,
Colonel Christopher Codrington of Barbados; in the 1780s, Bryan
Edwards the apologist for slavery on Jamaica;
By 1736, an anonymous poem about Barbados mentions,
"the
sad Place, where Sorrow ever reigns,
And hopeless Wretches
groan
beneath their Chains..."
Noel Deerr, The History of Sugar. Two Vols. 1949.
George F. Dow, Slave Ships and Slavery. Salem, 1927.*
B. K. Drake, 'The Liverpool-African Voyage, c.1790-1807', in Anstey and Hair, (Eds), pp. 229-231.
W. E. Burghard DuBois, The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America. New York, 1898. *
Dwight Lowell Dumond, Anti-Slavery: A Crusade for Freedom in America. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1961.
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Richard S. Dunn, 'Masters, Servants and Slaves in the Colonial Chesapeake and the Caribbean', in David B. Quinn, (Ed.), Early Maryland In A Wider World. Detroit, 1982.
Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1730. Chapel Hill, 1972.
Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1730. London, Jonathan Cape, 1973. Richard S. Dunn, `The English Sugar Islands and the Founding of South Carolina', The South Carolina Historical Magazine, LXXII, 1971., pp. 81-93. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, p. 111, Note 38, and p. 112, Note 41. See also, Sir Richard Dutton to sec., Board of Trade, Sir William Blathwayt, 15 March, 1680-81, Blathwayt Papers, XXX, Colonial Williamsburg Research Library, Williamsburg VA. Notes, Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, p. 28.
Richard S. Dunn, 'A Tale Of Two Plantations - Slave Life At Mesopotamia In Jamaica, And Mount Airy In Virginia, 1799 to 1828', William and Mary Quarterly, Series 3. Vol. 34, No. 1, January 1977., pp. 32-65.
Elizabeth Donnan, (Compiler), Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America. Washington DC, 1930-1935. II, pp, 589-590.
J. B. Dow, Slave Ships and Slaving. Salem, 1927.
Bryan Edwards, The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies. London, 1793.
Ivana Elbl, "Sex and Age in the Early Portuguese Slave Trade in West Africa, 1450-1521" (Unpublished paper, Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of African Studies/Association Canadienne des Etudes Africaines, Toronto, May 1991)
David Eltis, "The Volume, Age/Sex Ratios, and African Impact of the Slave Trade: Some Refinements of Paul Lovejoy's Review of the Literature," Journal of African History, 31, 1990., pp. 485-492.
David Eltis and and Stanley L. Engerman, "Fluctuations in Sex and Age Ratios in the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1664-1864," Journal of Economic History, 46, 2, (1993., pp. 308-323.
David Eltis and Stanley L. Engerman, "Was the Slave Trade Dominated by Men?," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 23, 2, (1992)., pp. 237-257.
David Eltis, Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Oxford, 1987.
Stanley L. Engerman and Eugene D. Genovese, (Eds.), Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere: Quantitative Studies. Princeton, 1975.
A. Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa. London, 1788.
Moses I. Finley, The World of Odysseus. Meridian paperback, New York, 1959. (Treating the origins of slavery)
Moses I. Finley, (Ed.), Slavery in Classical Antiquity: Views and Controversies. Cambridge, England, 1960.
Peter Fryer, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain. London, 1984.
Peter Fryer, The appropriation of African music. In Race & Class, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1998.
David Geggus, "Sex Ratio, Age, and Ethnicity in the Atlantic Slave Trade: Data from French Shipping and Plantation Records," Journal of African History, 30, (1989)., pp. 23-44.
Henry A. Gemery and Jan S. Hogendorn, (Eds), The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade. New York, 1979.
On slavery amongst the native tribes of North-Western America before and after white contact, see James R. Gibson, Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785-1841. Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1992. Paperback edition of 1999.
E. Gouveia, Study of the Historiography of the British West Indies. Mexico, 1956.
Richard Gray, pp. 52-68, in The Papacy and the Atlantic Slave Trade: Louenco da Silva, the Capuchins and the decisions of the Holy Office, in Past and Present, (history magazine) No. 115, May 1987.
Douglas Hall, A Brief History of the West India Committee. Caribbean University Press, 1971.
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Oscar Handlin, 'The Origins of Negro Slavery', in Race and Nationality in American Life. Anchor paperback, Garden City, New York, 1957.
Vincent T. Harlow, A History of Barbados, 1625-1685. Oxford, 1926.
David Haslam, Race for the Millennium. Church House Publishing (1996)
Nick Hazlewood, The Queen's Slave Trade: John Hawkyns, Elizabeth I and the Trafficking in Human Souls. William Morrow, 2005, 448pp.
Arthur Helps, The Spanish Conquest in America, and its Relation to the History of Slavery and to the Government of Colonies. London, 1900.
Letters of Isaac Hobhouse and Sons, merchants trading to Africa, North America and the West Indies, 1723-1750. Held at Jefferies MSS, Vol. xiii, African Slave Trade, ff, 9-158 (Bristol City Library)., [Cited in Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 301.]
Adam Hothschild, Bury The Chains. Macmillan, 2005, 467pp. (On the rise from 1787 of the British anti-slavery movement. Hothschld makes the point that trying to stop slavery in the 18th century was as unimaginable as trying to ban cars today)
R. M. Howard, (Ed), Records and Letters of the Family of the Longs of Longville, Jamaica, and Hampton Lodge. Surrey, London, 1925.
John Codman Hurd, The Law of Freedom and Bondage in the United States. Boston, 1858-1862.
Joseph E. Inikori, "Export versus Domestic Demand: The Determinants of Sex Ratios in the Transatlantic Slave Trade," Research in Economic History, 14, 1992., pp. 117-166.
More to come
Alan Karras, Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake, 1740-1800. Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, nd.
Herbert S. Klein, The Middle Passage. Princeton, 1978.
Derrick Knight, Gentlemen of Fortune: The Men Who Made Their Fortunes in Britain's Slave Colonies. (out of print). London, Frederick Muller Ltd., nd.
A. Kotsevalov, Soviet Studies of Ancient Slavery and Slave Uprisings. (In Russian, with English summary). Munich, 1956.
Frederic C. Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic. London, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. (Venice seen partly as a Mediterranean slave trading centre)
Peter Laslett, 'The Gentry of Kent in 1640', Cambridge Historical Journal, IX, 1948., pp. 148-164.
A. W. Laurence, Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa. London, 1963.
M. G. Lewis, Journal of a West India Proprietor, kept during a Residence in the Island of Jamaica. London, 1834.
Charles Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica. London, 1739.
James W. Loewen, Lies My Teacher Told Me. The New Press, 1995. (Marxist-hewn history, discussing slavery in the US)
Edward Long, History of Jamaica. 3 Vols. London, 1774. (Re profits of sugar planting and a racist attack dehumanising the negro].
Paul E. Lovejoy and David Richardson, "Competing Markets for Male and Female Slaves: Prices in the Interior of West Africa, 1780-1850," International Journal of African Historical Studies, 28, (Spring, 1995), pp. 261-294.
H. McNeil, Observations on the Treatment of Negroes on the Island of Jamaica. London, 1788.
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C. M. Mac Innes, England and Slavery. London, 1934.
C. M. Mac Innes, Bristol: A Gateway of Empire. Bristol, 1939.
D. P. Mannix, Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade. London, 1962.
Alexander Marchant, From Barter to Slavery: The Economic Relations of Portuguese and Indians in the Settlement of Brazil, 1500-1580. Baltimore, 1942.
B. Martin and M. Spurrell, (Eds.), The Journal of a Slave Trader, John Newton (1750-1754). London, 1962.
Susan Martin, "Slaves, Igbo Women and Palm Oil in the Nineteenth Century," Unpublished paper, Symposium: The End of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Its Impact on Africa, 17-18 April 1993, Centre of Commonwealth Studies, University of Stirling.
Isaac Mendelsohn, Slavery in the Ancient Near East: A Comparative Study of Slavery in Babylonia, Assyria, Syria and Palestine, from the middle of the Third Millennium to the End of the First Millennium. New York, 1949.
W. Hubert Miller, 'The Colonization of the Bahamas, 1647-1670', William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, II, 1945., pp. 33-46.
Giles Milton, White Gold. Hodder, 2004, 316pp. (Story of North Africa's million white slaves)
Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. New York, 1985.
Lakshmidhar Mishra, Child Labour in India. New Delhi, OUP, 2000.
Jennifer L. Morgan, "`Some Could Suckle Over Their Shoulder': Male Travellers, Female Bodies, and the Gendering of Racial Ideology, 1500-1770," William and Mary Quarterly, 54, 1, (1997)., pp. 167-192.
Jennifer Lyle Morgan, "Women in Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade," in Transatlantic Slavery: Against Human Dignity. London: HMSO, 1994., pp. 60-69. National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside.
Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus. Boston, 1942.
Glenn R. Morrow, Plato's Law of Slavery in its Relation to Greek Law. Urbana, 1939.
Sir William Muir, The Mameluke or Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517. London, 1896.
Gary B. Nash, Red, White and Black: The Peoples of Early North America. Fourth edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2000.
Arthur Percival Newton, The European Nations in the West Indies, 1492-1688. London, 1933.
Iris Origo, 'The Domestic Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries', Speculum, XXX, July, 1955.
M. Ostlethwayt, The African Trade: The Great Pillar and Support of the British Plantation Trade in North America. London, 1765.
Richard Pares, A West India Fortune. London, 1950. (An account of a single family in Nevis).
Richard Pares, War and Trade in the West Indies, 1739-1763. OUP, 1936.
J. H. Parry and P. M. Sherlock, A Short History of the West Indies. London, 1956.
Orlando Patterson, The Sociology of Slavery: An Analysis of the Origins, Development and Structure of Negro Slave Society in Jamaica. London, Granada, 1967.
Lillian M. Penson, 'The London West India Interest in the Eighteenth Century', English Historical Review, XXXVI, July, 1921.
L. M. Penson, The Colonial Agents of the British West Indies. London. 1924.
F. W. Pitman, 'The Settlement and Financing of British West India Plantations in the Eighteenth Century', in Essays in Colonial History by Students of Charles McLean Andrews, Yale University Press, 1931., pp. 252-283.
Frank W. Pitman, 'Slavery on British West India Plantations in the Eighteenth Century', Journal of Negro History, XI, October, 1926. pp. 584ff.
F. W. Pitman, The Development of the British West Indies, 1700-1763. New Haven, 1917.
F. W. Pitman, The West India Absentee Planter as a British Colonial Type, Proceedings of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association. 1927.
Stanley Lane-Poole, A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages. London, 1901.
Malachy Postlethwayt, The African trade the great pillar and support of the British plantation trade in America. London, 1745. [Cited in Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 302.]
E. G. Pulleyblank, 'The Origins and Nature of Chattel Slavery in China', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, I, part two, 1958.
L. J. Ragatz, Guide to the Study of British Caribbean History, 1763-1864. Washington DC, 1930. annotated.
L. J. Ragatz, Statistics for the Study of British Caribbean Economic History, 1763-1833. London, 1927.
Lowell Joseph Ragatz, The Fall of the Planter Class in the British Caribbean, 1763-1833. New York, 1928.
L. J. Ragatz, Absentee Landlordism in the British Caribbean, 1750-1833. London, nd.
J. Ramsay, A Ms. Vol. entirely in his own hand, mainly concerned with his activities towards the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1787. [rare, copy in the Library of Rhodes House, Oxford].
J. Ramsay, Objections to the Abolition of the Slave Trade, with Answers. London, 1788.
J. Ramsay, Essay on the Treatment and Conversion of African Slaves in the British Sugar Colonies. London, 1784.
J. Ramsay, An Enquiry into the Effects of putting a stop to the African Slave Trade. London, 1784.
Oliver Ransford, The Slave Trade: The Story of
Transatlantic
Slavery. London, John Murray, 1971.
Note: On the
Spanish
slave trade and the Asiento, the standard work is
G. Scelle,
La Traite Negriere aux Indes de Castille. Details?
Raynal, From France, a classic attack on the slave trade is by Abbe G. F. Raynal, Geneva, 1780.
John Reeves, A Statement of the Laws that at present subsist in the West Indian Islands. 1789. British Sessional Papers, Accounts and Papers, 1789. XXVI.
Claire Robertson, "Gender and Trade Relations in Central Kenya in the Late Nineteenth Century," International Journal of African Historical Studies, 30, Winter, 1997., pp. 23-48.
Claire Robertson and Martin Klein, (Eds.), Women and Slavery in Africa. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.
W. Roscoe, A General View of the African Slave Trade demonstrating its Injustice and Impolicy. London, 1788.
Edward Said, Culture & Imperialism. Knopf (1993)
On the Spanish slave trade and the Asiento, the standard work on the Asientos is Georges Scelle, La Traite negriere aux Indes de Castille: contrats et traites d'assiento. Paris, 1906. Also, for a chart of the merchants of the asiento, Elena Fanny Scheuss de Studer, La trata de negros en el Rio de la Plata durante el siglo XVIII. Buenos Aires, 1959.
Granville Sharp, An Essay on Slavery, proving from Scripture its Inconsistency with Humanity and Religion. Burlington, 1773.
Lord Sheffield, Observations on the Project for abolishing the Slave Trade. London, 1790.
R. B. Sheridan, The Sugar Trade of the British West Indies, 1660-1756. (Unpub London Phd thesis, 1951.)
Francine Shields, "The History of Women in 19th-Century Yorubaland: Untapped Sources," Unpublished paper presented at conference on "Source Material for Studying the Slave Trade and the African Diaspora," Stirling, Scotland, 13-14 April 1996.
F. O. Shyllon, Black Slaves in Britain. London, 1974.
Alan Simpson, The Wealth of the Gentry, 1540-1660. East Anglian Studies, Chicago, 1961.
(Snelgrave also has various contemporary works on slavery, eg, Account of the Slave Trade. [Addressed to London merchants, not the public, apparently].
Frederick G. Spurdle, Early West Indian Government showing the progress of Government in Barbados, Jamaica and the Leeward Islands, 1660-1783. Palmerston North, NZ, 1963.
Filomena Chioma Steady, "Women of Africa and the African Diaspora: Linkages and Influences," in Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora. 2nd ed. Ed., Joseph E. Harris, Washington DC, Howard University Press, 1993., pp. 167-187.
W. Sypher, Guinea's Captive Kings: British Anti-Slavery Literature of the XVIIIth Century. University of North Carolina Press, 1942.
Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870. Picador. 1997.
Velma Maia Thomas, Lest We Forget: The Passage from Africa to Slavery and Emancipation: A Three-Dimensional Interactive Book with Photographs and Documents from the Black Holocaust Exhibit. Crown, 1997.
John K. Thornton, "Sexual Demography: The Impact of the Slave Trade on Family Structure," in Slave Trades, 1500-1800. Edited by Patrick Manning. Variorum, 1997., pp. 133-143.
Anthony Tibbles, (Ed.), Transatlantic Slavery: Against Human Dignity. London, National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside, 1995.
Ehud R. Toledano, "Slave Dealers, Women, Pregnancy, and Abortion," (Revised as part of "Semsigul: A Circassian Female Slave in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Cairo," in Slavery and Abolition: Studies in the Ottoman Middle East, University of Washington Press, 1998.
Rayner Unwin, The Defeat of John Hawkins: a biography of his third slaving voyage. London, Allen and Unwin, 1966. Bateson coll., ANNM.
J. Wallace, A General and Descriptive History of the Ancient and Present State of the Town of Liverpool ... together with a Circumstantial Account of the True Causes of its extensive African Trade. Liverpool, 1795.
James Walvin, Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Short Illustrated History, Jackson, University Press of Mississippi, 1983.
James Walvin, Fruits of Empire. Macmillan (1997)
James Walvin, Black Ivory: A History of British Slavery. London, Harper Collins, 1992.
John Wesley, Thoughts Upon Slavery. London, 1774.
William L. Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. Philadelphia, 1955.
C. Whitworth, State of the Trade of Great Britain in its Imports and Exports, progressively from the year 1693-1773. London, 1776. (Rare, the statistical basis of mercantilist exultation over Caribbean colonies, says E. Williams.)
A. M. Wilberforce, The Private Papers of William Wilberforce. London 1897.
R. and S. Wilberforce, The Life of William Wilberforce. London, 1838.
R. and S. Wilberforce, Correspondence of William Wilberforce. London, 1840.
C. Martin Wilbur, Slavery in China during the Former Han Dynasty, 206BC-AD25. Chicago, 1943.
Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery.
Chapel Hill, 1944.
To 1807 from 1720 or so, many British merchants involved in
the
slave trade are named in Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery.
(Edition with Preface by D. W. Brogan)
Eric Williams, From Columbus to Castro: The History of The Caribbean, 1492-1969. London, Andre Deutsch, 1970.
Eric Williams, British Historians and the West Indies. London, 1965.
Eric Williams, (Ed.), The British West Indies at Westminster, Extracts from the Debates in the British Parliament, Part 1, 1789-1823. Historical Society of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1954.
G. Williams, History of the Liverpool Privateers with an Account of the Liverpool Slave Trade. Liverpool, 1897.
James Williamson, The Caribbee Islands under the Proprietary Patents. Oxford, 1926.
Marcia Wright, Strategies of Slaves and Women: Life-Stories from East/Central Africa. New York, Lilian Barber Press, 1993.
H. A. Wyndham, Problems of Imperial Trusteeship: The Atlantic and Slavery. London, 1935.
Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States. HarperCollins, 1999.(Marxist-hewn book discussing slavery, etc).
G. F. Zook, Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1919. [Cited in K. G. Davies, Royal Africa Company, p. 41].
Now return to the Lost Worlds Index
Stop Press: For late entries
David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western
Culture.
Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1966.
This book
names
the following Englishmen/North Americans as having some role in the
promotion of the use of slavery... (not given here in any particular
order)
1688, Governor Denonville of Canada; Emanuel Downing
the
brother-in-law of John Winthrop; Governor Willoughby of Jamaica,
about 1662; to 1756, along the North American coasts (Newport),
families named Peperrells, Saffins, Cabots, Faneuils, Belchers,
Browns; By 1720 the Scottish financier working in France, John Law,
helped reorganize a slaving company; By 1773, Stephen Fuller the
agent for Jamaica in London; in 1736, Virginian planter Colonel
William Byrd, whose father had been part-owner of a slave ship; to
1776, James Oglethorpe who owned slaves on a Carolina plantation,
deputy governor of the (English) Royal African Company; by 1746, an
apologist for slavery is Malachy Postlethwayt; by 1681 at the English
Cape Coast Castle, Captain Woodfin; by about 1600, Jesuits in South
America owned about 1,200 Negro slaves in Chile alone; in 1710,
Colonel Christopher Codrington of Barbados; in the 1780s, Bryan
Edwards the apologist for slavery on Jamaica;
By 1736, an anonymous poem about Barbados mentions,
"the
sad Place, where Sorrow ever reigns,
And hopeless Wretches
groan
beneath their Chains..."
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