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9000BC approx: Saga of Hobbits continues: Hobbits may be earliest Australians? As this website often mention, the origins of Australia's Aboriginal people remains a mystery. And in 2004, from the Indonesian island of Flores just near the North-West coast of Western Australia, came news from a team largely of Australian archaeologists that a new species of humanity, homo floriensis (little people, Hobbits) has been discovered. They became extinct about 11,000 years ago. The saga of, or, about, the Hobbits now continues as archaeologist Mike Morwood from University of New England now suggests that one-metre tall Hobbits, who were wiped out by difficulties with volcanoes, may have lived also in Australia. Speaking at a public lecture in Perth, Morwood has suggested that Hobbits arrived in Australia more than 60,000 years ago, pre-dating arrival of a first wave of Aboriginals. And when they larger Aboriginals arrived, they pushed out or competed-out the Hobbits? Scepticism has arrived on this from no less than members of Morwood's own work-team. Given the climate, how would artefacts be found of Hobbit-life in northern Australia? How would they have survived? (The Australian, 8 December 2005):
10,500BC: Approx: Suggested earlier date for origin of Sphinx in
Egypt. (Date from Hancock and Faiia, p. 99)
Note: an archaeologist suggests that this dating has also been
given by US psychic Edgar Cayce for construction of the three
pyramids of Giza, which date was lined-up by late C20th
commentator, Robert Bauval, with the supposed position of Orion's
Belt in the sky at that time.
Circa 10,500BC: The climate of the Earth abruptly warms by 20 degrees or more and ends an Ice Age. Ice cores from Greenland later reveal a temperature increase of almost 59 degrees in the north polar region within a 50-year period.
10,500BC: Cave sites for human habitation are used by the Caspian Sea.
10,500BC: "Map of the Sky" date important as proposed by author Graham Hancock, this date being basic to his hypothesis in respect of Pyramids of Egypt, and Angkor Wat, plus another site in South America near Like Titicaca. Reasons to mention an astronomically-sophisticated civilization of an earlier epoch? Cold water is poured on the Hancock hypothesis by a BBC Horizon documentary broadcast on ABC TV Australia on 30 November 2003. Conclusion? Hancock suggests much but proves nothing in any reliable way.
10,500BC-1996: Researcher John Grigsby discovers re Angkor, Cambodia, that the main monuments of Angkor follow the coils of the northern constellation of Draco, re a pattern evident in AD1150: does this have anything "astronomical" to do with the layout of the Pyramids of Giza? Angkor was built by the Khmer king, Jayavarman VII. Does computer simulation provide anything useful re date 10,500BC, a spring equinox, re any networked series of monuments around the world all resulting from similar preoccupations with astronomy? Some Khmer building dates are 1186AD for Ta Prohm, 1191AD for Prah Khan, Bayon in 1219AD. (Dates from Hancock and Faiia, p. 126).
10,500BC: Mystery (talismanic significance of monument building worldwide??) of four constellations Leo, Orion, Draco and Aquarius, at the Spring Equinox. (Date and comment from Hancock and Faiia, p. 319)
10,5000BC: Pottery appears for the first time in Japan, similar pottery use not found in Near East till 3500 years later. (Oppenheimer, Eden In The East)
18,000BC-11,000BC: This marks approximately the Magdalenian cultural period. It was named after the site of La Madeleine, France, marked by fine art and tool-making and the use of bone for harpoons, spearpoints, and other purposes. (NG, Oct. 1988, p. 489,495)
Generally re the end of the Ice Ages: In The Atlantic
Monthly, January 1998, William H. Calvin warns: ONE of the most
shocking scientific realizations of all time has slowly been
dawning on us: the earth's climate does great flip-flops every few
thousand years, and with breathtaking speed. We could go back to
ice-age temperatures within a decade -- and judging from recent
discoveries, an abrupt cooling could be triggered by our current
global-warming trend. Europe's climate could become more like
Siberia's... Because such a cooling would occur too quickly for us
to make readjustments in agricultural productivity and supply, it
would be a potentially civilization-shattering affair, likely to
cause an unprecedented population crash....
William H. Calvin, The Great Climate Flip-Flop, The Atlantic
Monthly, January 1998, Volume 281, No. 1, pp. 47-64.
11,000BC: There seems to be no way of escaping the conclusion
that global climate flips occur frequently and abruptly. An abrupt
cooling could happen now, and the world might not warm up again for
a long time: it looks as if the last warm period, having lasted
13,000 years, and came to an end with an abrupt, prolonged cooling.
That's how our warm period might end too. (Greenhouse Timeline)
William H. Calvin, The Great Climate Flip-Flop, The Atlantic
Monthly, January 1998, Volume 281, No. 1, pp. 47-64.
11,000BC-9000BC, first known settled village, at Ain Mallah, Upper Jordan valley, on a hillside by a spring, overlooked swampy bottom of Upper Jordan Valley, three successive permanent villages, a central open space has storage pits, for 200-300 people, environment wetter/greener than today.
11,000BC: Wheat and rye cultivated in Syria.
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11,000BC: Following a long world period of warming, there occurs the Dryas III, or Younger Dryas period, a fast cooling to conditions equivalent to the Last Glacial Maximum. The Earth is again gripped by ice. (Hancock, Underworld)
11,000BC approx., by now, climate is less dominated by cold and ice, north of Africa. (Ardrey, Hunting Hypothesis, p. 164)
11,000BC: A Paleolithic burial in San Teodoro Cave, Sicily, reveals an arrowhead embedded in the pelvis bone of an adult female. Another arrowhead is known from the vertebra of a child buried in the Grotte des Enfants on the Italian coast.
11,000BC: The last warming period began about 13,000 years ago, melting glaciers and putting Beringia back under the Bering Sea.
Circa 11,000BC: A mass extinction occurs in parts of North America and coincides with the growing population of Indian hunters.
11,000BC: The earliest amber artefacts are from this time and
were found in caves in Cheddar, England. The British Isles are
connected to Europe and the English Channel, a valley, can still be
walked across.
11,000BC: Retreat of Ice Age. Wild grains grow on plains and are
harvested by wandering tribes. (Item from Thomas Robinson, The
Bible Timeline)
11,000BC: Younger Dryas Period, a very cold ice-age, ending about 9,500BC. Seas rise. Huge lakes burst and add to sea waters. (Oppenheimer, Eden In The East)
For timelines for Antiquity 45000BC to 3501BC, Check
Website:
http://www.mediahistory.com/time/prehist.html/
11,000BC: Bow and arrow invented about 11,000BC, increasing hunter's killing powers. Fish hooks now emerge, bird darts. Mesolithic hunters began to eat more fish, fowl and small mammals; some evidence in peat bogs here. Ice-Agers probably got most food from herd animals, as with current arctic peoples, and re Ice Ages, sea levels risen, so many coastal sites been drowned or destroyed.
11,000BC: Evidence of domestication of dogs/wolves, Palestine. Similar, in Yorkshire in England by 9000BC.
Before 11,000BC: All men were hunter-gatherers, the archaeology of evidence of deliberate food production goes back no more than 11,000 years, then crops growing and animal herding. This was a transformation in relations of man-and-man and man-and-land, animals. Kalahari bushman, verbal aggression, "I am so angry with you that when I fight you, I'll eat you".
11,000BC approx., by now, climate is less dominated by cold and ice, north of Africa. (Ardrey, Hunting Hypothesis, p. 164)
11,000BC: Considerable extinctions, Australia loses large mammals as does America. (Note from Cloud)
11,000BC-8000BC: Natufians the first people to live near Jerusalem, after final retreats of the last Ice Age, engaged grain and domestication of animals, used art, earliest people occupying Palestine.
Item: One proof of a Neandertal Man dying of lung cancer
has been identified, via pathological changes to his leg
bones, one consequence of the disease. Researchers were Karen
Fennell and Erik Trinkaus. Original Site: La Ferrassie, in the
Dordogne, in 1909, a man's body buried head-to-head with a
Neandertal woman. The man was aged 40-55 years.
(Item, The Weekend Australian, 3-4 January 1998)
Update: 29 March 2003: According to a recent US study of the
fossilized remains of "a caveman", researchers conclude that
Neandertal people were just as manually dextrous as modern Homo
sapiens. It had earlier been thought that Neandertals lacked
the ability to grasp and manipulate tools.
Circa 11,500BC: The most recent big cooling started about
12,700 years ago, right in the midst of our last global warming.
This cold period, known as the Younger Dryas, is named for the
pollen of a tundra flower that turned up in a lake bed in Denmark
when it shouldn't have. Things had been warming up, and half the
ice sheets covering Europe and Canada had already melted. The
return to ice-age temperatures lasted 1,300 years. (Greenhouse
Timeline)
William H. Calvin, The Great Climate Flip-Flop, The Atlantic
Monthly, January 1998, Volume 281, No. 1, pp. 47-64.
11,600BC: End of Ice Age: Sea levels might rise 35 metres or so,
a process taking about 4000 years. About Japan is the Northern
Sunda Shelf. (Another area called Sunda is about today's Indonesian
Archipelago). The Northern Sunda Shelf near China, Korea and Japan
begins to flood. The Jomon people are forced to move to the higher
ground of what now is Japanese Islands. Disruption of Jomon/Sunda
Shelf era of Ice Age Civilization. Events are less
severe/disruptive for Africa, Arabia and India. Part of the African
experience was appearance of huge lakes - the
Abyssinian/African/Nile lake areas perhaps meaning a quite
highly-organised period for humans.
For more, see a website from Tony Smith at [broken link?]:
http://www.innerx.net/personal/tsmith/Hist.html
11,600BC-9600BC: Global warming, rapid rise in the seas, been called on to explain the widespread ancient tradition of a Great Flood, as, The Deluge. (Cloud)
Sea levels rising?: Sea levels may rise by 50cm during the next century, according to a report in Australia of 5 May 2000. The prediction comes from ice-dynamics researcher David Vaughan of the British Antarctic Survey, who has been examining Antarctic ice sheets. He says: 70 per cent of the world's fresh water is stored in the Antarctic ice sheet, the potential for rising sea levels is "massive", sea levels have risen by tens of metres in the past 10,000 years, modifying land masses. It is difficult to know if the Antarctic ice sheet is in a state of equilibrium, or not. It may still be reacting to events associated with the end of the last Ice Age.
12,000BC: During the late Upper Paleolithic, humans are now beginning to use barbed points for hunting-fishing.
12,000BC: British cave art now visible: Views for 300 years have been that Britain had no cave art from prehistoric times. Now, a find in Nottinghamshire, the English Midlands, reveals work about 120 centuries old, depicting stylised animals, birds and tribesmen. Special lighting had to be used to reveals the works, however. Now, it seems, British Ice Age settlers had cultural contact with the rest of Europe. One work depicts an Ibex-like animal. Researchers include Paul Pettit, a lecturer at Oxford University, and Sergio Ripoli of Uned University, Madrid, and British and Spanish colleagues. Real visits to the paintings will not be allowed, but virtual reality tours of the caves are now being organised. (Sydney Morning Herald, Weekend 5-6 July 2003)
First South Americans?: Claims have arisen in a BBC documentary that Australian Aboriginals may have become the "first South Americans". The documentary is Ancient Voices, to be screened on BBC2, and a claim is based on the 12,000-year-old skull of a girl found in Brazil, plus a report that a "20,000-year-old Western Australian painting depicts an ocean-going vessel". The skull was examined by Walter Neves, professor of Biological Anthropology at University of Sao Paulo, then given to forensic artist Richard Neave at Manchester University for reconstruction work. The girl's skull did not appear to be Mongoloid, as expected, but appeared to have arisen from human stock of South-East Asian Islands, or Australia-Melanesia. Australian researchers have derided such claims. "Preposterous", said Greg Dening, adjunct professor of Australian National University, Centre for Cross-Cultural Research. Prof. John Mulvaney, author of Prehistory of Australia, said no watercraft of 12,000 years ago could have crossed the Pacific Ocean. Reported 23 August, 1999.
12,000 BP: Ice Age ends, temperatures rise, rainfall decreases, sea levels rising 1m per century
12,000BC to 9000BC: In Czechoslovakia, and Shanidar, Iraq, ceremonial burials of bodies coated in red ochre, as associated with Goddess worship. (Miles)
12,000BC: Bison are shaped from moist clay in the Tuc d'Audoubert cave of the French Pyrenees, discovered in 1912.
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12,000BC: Use of the Niaux cave in Tarascon, France, dates back to an Ice Age.
12,000BC: Australia: As the earth warms, the rain forest comes up. It pushes away the wallabies, the wombats, the possums, and so the people (of Tasmania) had to follow their food.
12,000BC: The first known fossil evidence of human-canine cohabitation dates to about this time.
12,000BC: Japan: Jomon period: 12,000BC to 400BC, hunting fishing gathering pottery but no metal. Pottery at 12,700BC.
12,000BC to 9000BC: Natufian culture of the East Mediterranean, from close of the last Ice Age, Wad cave at Mt Carmel, large cemetery. Hunting of gazelles, growing or at least the gathering of crops.
12,000 years ago, domestication of the dog, as a carnivore and hunter, assistant to the human hunter. (Note from Edwards)
12,000-11,000BC: Maps and town plans: In the Ukraine, on a mammoth tusk, as scrimshaw, is a probable Stone Age map of dwellings beside a river. By 6200BC at Catal Huyuk in Turkey, is a wall painting showing a town layout with a backdrop of an erupting volcano. Is this the world's oldest town plan? By 3000BC, in Ukraine is engraved on a vessel of silver "the world's earliest map".
12,000BC: Bible History: 12,000 years divided by a generation of 25 years is a mere 480 generations "back to Adam". (?)
12,000BC: Use of the bull-roarer in Germany and Denmark. Not exactly a musical instrument, but an impressive sound. Perhaps the Ukrainians used mammoth skulls as drums, circa 12000BC. But earliest-used drums seem to be clay-made, from Germany and Czechoslovakia. (James/Thorpe) In which case, the use of the bull-roarer is not native to Australia or its Aboriginal people.
12,300BC: approx., Inexplicably, ice sheets begin to fade away, a new world presents itself to "Man". The tundra is gone, forests appear of spruce and oak, vegetation multiplies, birch appears; and heather appears on Mount Kenya (Ardrey, Hunting Hypothesis, pp. 164-166). The Great Lakes appear in North America. Oceans rise. A land route appears from North Asia to North America. Skilled hunters cross from Siberia, to become American Indians. But in Europe in areas for Cro-Magnon Man, their day ended, as did their art. The hunting life was no longer possible. Ardrey (Hunting Hypothesis, p. 177) suggests that as the ice sheets withdrew, the Saharan desertification also began - a process which other researchers would place closer to about 7000BC.
12,500BC: In Africa, major changes in toolkits of prehistoric hunters. More bone tools, smaller bone tools. Skeletal remains like ours. "Spiritually little different from Southern African Bushmen".
12,500 years ago: About this time due to rising sea levels, Tasmania is cut off from mainland Australia, There had at about 23,000 years ago been a land bridge joining Tasmania to today's Wilson's Promontory of the Victorian Coastline.
12,500BC: Approx: A disputed date given for origins of The Sphinx in Egypt.
40,000BC-12,000BC: About 44,000BC, Yakutia, Soviet Union,
specimen of Mammuthus Primigenius, once known across the
whole of Northern Eurasia, south to China and the Mediterranean,
became extinct about now. Mammoth was hunted and eaten by nomadic
tribes. (Note from Cloud)
April 2000 from 23 October, 1999: World publicity for a plan to
clone a Woolly Mammoth recently de-iced from Siberian
permafrost. One researcher is French explorer Bernard
Buigues. The animal had been in a 22,000kg ice-block on the
Taimyr Peninsula of Northern Siberia and was transported using the
world's largest helicopter. By April 2000, researchers will begin
closer examination of the animal. Now the search is on for a frozen
woolly rhino.
12,800BC: There are Mammoths in Britain till 12,800BP, about the time that human artefacts begin to appear.
12,500BC approx: New theory on date of human habitation of Chile: The earliest date for the human habitation of Chile has just been pushed back 1000 years earlier to 14,200 or 14,500 calendar years ago after an archaeological find at Monte Verde. Researchers have included anthropologist Dr Tom Dillehay of Vanderbilt University. Dillehay and team found remains of meals which included seaweed. The remains - now radiocarbon-dated - found from hearths about 800lm south of Santiago and about 16km inland, would be evidence of the meals of 20-30 people - and may be the earliest-dated evidence of human settlement in the South Americas? The meal remains included two types of seaweed still used locally for medical purposes. vegetables, nuts, shellfish, an extinct species of llama, and an elephant-like animal called a gomphothere. Any earlier date may have been pushed back as much as a millennium. Earlier, it had been thought that people followed herds of migrating animals across a land bridge between Siberia and today's Alaska, then moved south. (See a recent issue of journal Science) (Reported 10 May 2008)
13,000BP: Humans reach Western Hemisphere.
13,000BC: Descent of the Wolves: "All domestic dogs are descended from just a handful of female wolves tamed in East Asia about 15,000 years ago, (China or Mongolia, according to the first researchers to examine the animal's genetic origins. The use of dogs spread rapidly, probably to help with hunting, through Europe, Asia, Africa; and to North America across the Bering Strait about 14,000 years ago. However, the North American dogs may have died out, as dog descent of today comes from animals brought by Europeans. The researchers examined hair samples to conduct their investigations into the transmission of mitochondrial (maternal) DNA. (Remains of greyhounds have been found in the pyramids of Egypt.) East Asian dogs had a higher genetic variability, indicating their domestication a longest time ago. There are genes from only five female wolves in today's dogs. But one of the oldest dog artefacts is a 12,000-year-old canine jaw bone found in Israel, which had led to views that dogs originated in the Middle East. The first wolves emerged in nature between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago. One researcher involved is Peter Savolainen, a scientist with Swedish Royal Institute of Technology. (Reported 23-24 November 2002 and see a recent issue of journal Science) (Reported 23-24 November 2002)
13,000BC or earlier: How old can remains be of Australian Aboriginals?: Discussion has resurged on this contentious topic, regarding remains found at Kow Swamp, Northern Victoria. Geo-chronologists Tim Stone and Mathew Cupper of Melbourne University (using optically-stimulated luminescence) have assessed sand in which humans were buried and suggest it is older than previously thought. The sand seems to be 19,000-22,000 years-old, not 9000-15,000 as thought. Their critics including Australian National University anthropologist Alan Thorne, who excavated the remains in 1968 and 1972, disputes there need be a direct correlation between the age of the remains, and/or of the sand. The Kow Swamp remains are of humans who had developed heavyset "robust" features as part-response to severe ice-age conditions up to 22,000 years ago, and they disappeared when the cold retreated. Thorne says a similar robusticity exists today in people of Central Australia, the Murray River Valley and Arnhem Land. Also, it is thought that several groups of physically-different people originally settled Australia. (Australian, 9 January 2004) See recent issue of Journal of Human Evolution.
15000BC-13000BC: Humans are familiar with horses as food by
13,000BC-15,000BC, in the Spanish Pyrenees and France's Dordogne
Valley, where Cro-Magnon hunters painted bulls, deer, horses
on cave walls, when the last great ice sheet had just reached it
peak after exerting its influence for about 60,000 years, Ardrey
writes. (Ardrey, Hunting Hypothesis, pp. 163ff)
13,000BC: Archaeologist Tom Dillehay and others believe that the
first people arrived in the Americas about this time.
13,000BC-15,000BC, in the Spanish Pyrenees and France's Dordogne Valley, Cro-Magnon hunters paint bulls, deer, horses on the walls deep in caves; the last great ice sheet had just reached it peak after being about for 60,000 years, Ardrey writes. (Ardrey, Hunting Hypothesis, pp. 163ff)
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13,000BC: An ivory plaque excavated at Malta in Siberia is designed with circles of dots, a possible indication of marking of time.
13,000BC: In northern Laos at the Plain of Jars is a site with hundreds of stone urns of this age. A second source puts the jars at 2000 years old or less.
13,000 BC: About this time the Barents Ice Shelf, a vast piece of ice that sat north of Scandinavia, collapses into the sea. ...It may have raised sea levels by more than ten feet per century for nearly five centuries.
13,000-8,000BC: Stanley J. Olsen, author of the Origins of the Domestic Dog (1985), posits that Paleolithic hunter-gatherers domesticate various subspecies of wolf during this time period in northern Europe, North America, the Near East and China.
13,000BC: Ukraine Plain, Mezhirich, near Kiev, found by a farmer in his cellar in 1965, a village of five houses, from 13-21 feet across, built from the remains of mammoths. The largest such house used the bones of almost 100 mammoths. Such houses were used by "tribal leaders". (James/Thorpe)
13,00BC to 11,000BC: In Peru, Ayacucho complex, in a cave, unifacial chipped tools and bone artifacts from horse, camel and giant sloth. Same period, people with bifacial tools in area near Cordoba, in n/w Argentina.
13,000BC: Approx, The Oldest Dryas Freeze or Ice Age for 1000 years, with seas falling perhaps 10 metres, and with the melt, Canada particularly affected, then seas rise. (Oppenheimer, Eden In The East)
13,000BC to 7,000BC: Anatolia, Upper Paleolithic cultures in caves, with Levantine affinities. Hacilar is populated for first half of 7th millennium BC.
13,500BC: A sandstone tablet from the Enlene cave in the French Pyrenees, excavated by R. Begouen and J. Clottes. Fragments were found between 1930 and 1983 and reveal possible human figures and a definite bison.
13,000BC-15,000BC, in the Spanish Pyrenees and France's Dordogne Valley, Cro-Magnon hunters paint bulls, deer, horses on the walls deep in caves; the last great ice sheet had just reached its peak after being about for 60,000 years, Ardrey writes. (Ardrey, Hunting Hypothesis, pp. 163ff)
For timelines for Antiquity 45000BC to 3501BC, Check
Website:
http://www. mediahistory.com/time/prehist.html/
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About 14,000BC: Idea of a monotheistic god emerges in Middle East. (Karen Armstrong, A History of God, p. 10)
14,000BC: A 35 cm (14-inch) stone head that seems to be half-man and half-lion or leopard, found in the El Juyo cave, in the foothills southwest of Santander, Spain. Anthropologists suggest the cave held a sanctuary for religious rituals.
14,000BC: Several thousand engravings are made at La Marche, France, mostly of animals but also including some depictions of humans.
14,000BC: The bas-relief of a bison on a limestone slab was found in a shelter at Angles-sur-l'Anglin, France.
15,000-12,000BC: The Solutrean phase of the Upper Paleolithic is named after the Roche de Solutre near Macon, France.
15,000BC: Proposed date for ending of Last Glacial Maximum, with most of Europe and North America under great ice sheets, and sea levels 15-120 metres lower than presently. A land bridge joins Alaska and Siberia, the English Channel is a dry valley, the Mediterranean has more islands than now, with Malta joined to Sicily. The Persian Gulf area is dry. Sri Lanka is joined to India, the Maldives Islands are larger. Sundaland takes in areas from Indonesia and Malaysia to the Philippines and north to Japan, which is one landmass, not three islands. Sundaland is drowned about 12,000BC-9000BC. New Guinea, Australia and Tasmania are one landmass. The islands of the Pacific were part of archipelagoes. The Grand Bahamas Banks were a plateau about 120 metres above sea level. There was about 10 million square miles of the earth's surface visible - about 5 per cent, and habitable - which is now submerged. (Hancock, Underworld)
15,000BC: The cave art of Paleolithic man of Lascaux, France dates to this time. It contains some 600 paintings, 1,500 engravings, and innumerable mysterious dots and geometric figures.
15,000-10,000BC: The Mesolithic Period or Middle Stone Age.
15,000BC: Prehistoric cave painters work in Southern
France/Spain. Paintings of bison, said to be awe-inspiring. One
discoverer is Don Marcelino Sanz de Sautola working at Altamira on
the northern Spanish coast in 1879. Scepticism reigned till 1902
with the discovery of similar cave-painting work in French
caves.
Not until about 15,000BC is the barbed harpoon invented, as used
with a spearthrower, (as used even as in Australia).
15,000BC: Kow Swamp, near Swan Hill, near Echuca, Victoria, Australia, (racial type is "Australian") An idea that two separate types of people had colonised Australia from South-East Asia, neither ancestral type exists today, and the Kow Swamp specimen may have arrived about 60,000 years ago, descended from the Solo River people in the Solo River, Java, 75,000 years ago. Solo Man descended from Java Man, of 250,000 years ago, considered to be a species of Homo erectus, an ancestor of Homo sapiens, while the more gracile ancestor, Keilor type, shows clear affinities with humans living near Peking and Liu Jiang in south-east China, more than 30,000 years ago. possibly from Peking Man, another regional variant of Homo erectus. Idea that modern humans evolved simultaneously in Africa and two regions of Asia, contradicting hypothesis that humans evolved from a race spreading from Africa about 100,000 years ago. Pondering whether such people contributed to sudden extinction of Australia's giant marsupials in the past 60,000 years. (See story by Graeme O'Neill, The Age newspaper, 15 June 1991, p. 4)
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15,000BC: Notice of the Summer Solstice of 15,000BC. (Significance of this date from Hancock and Faiia, p. 29)
15,000BC: The Keilor Skull from near Melbourne, Australia, "an ice age object". Suspicion is that by now, two different groups of people have been living in Australia, one predating the other.
16,000 BC: The last major glaciation reaches its maximum. The English channel is dry; Australia adjoined Tasmania and New Guinea. Present site of Venice, Italy, lay 200 miles from the sea.
23,000BC-16,000BC: Northern and Central Europe are frigid and uninhabitable. A glacial maximum forces people into two directions, one to southern France, one to the Central Russian Plain. Life was impossible between the Scandinavian glacier and the Alpine glacier. The ice reached its maximum about 16,000BC. Southwestern France carried mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, horse, bison, aurochs, deer and antelope, as did the river valleys of the Russian Plain. It seems significant that cave art appeared in this part of France, but not in Russia, since Russia had no caves. The people of Russia do seem to have had different designs for huts made of mammoth tusks, however. (Shreeve, Neandertal)
16,000BC: A mile-high glacier covers the area of Connecticut, USA.
18,000BC, Glacial maximum of last major ice age, sea 120 metres below present.
18,000BC: A huge ice sheet lies across the Baltic Sea.
William H. Calvin, The Great Climate Flip-Flop, The
Atlantic Monthly, January 1998, Volume 281, No. 1, pp.
47-64.
18,000BP: Glacial maximum, sea level 120 metres below present.
16,000-9,000BC: Sculptures of stone, bone, ivory and clay record animals familiar to the Cro-Magnon peoples, whose artistic expertise peaked in France and Spain during this time.
16,0000BC approx: Progress of people from Russia across the Bering Strait area: Stone Age peoples were at outer frontiers of Northeast Asia along shore of Bering Sea by 16,0000BC and possibly earlier. Eskimos of Alaska went back and forth maybe by sea (or by land?). The Bering land bridge possibly appeared 25,000-14,000 years ago. People with linguistic links to Apache and Navajo of s/w US are traceable to migration 10,000 to 5000 years ago. Eskimos seem to appear 7000BC-6000BC years ago. See re Eska-Aleutian people.
16,000BC: Approximate years notable re "the Ice Age".
16,000BC: Flint-arrowheads seem to date from 16,000BC in Spain.
17,000BC if not earlier: Who painted the "Bradshaw boat" of the Australian Kimberleys? Somewhere in the Kimberlys, north-western Australia, somewhere on the Mitchell Plateau, someone as rock art, for some reason, painted a picture of men in a boat (large canoe with a high prows at each end?) on a sandstone rock. In 1996, a group of bushwalkers photographed a boat painted "in the Bradshaw tradition". The boat has room for four people or so and may have a rudder or a keel. Does it depict people working as ocean navigators? Australian prehistorian Rhys Jones of Australian National University sees the discovery of the boat art, as "extremely interesting". Other paintings of boat have been found in Arnhem Land and Kakadu (Northern Territory), but they are not more than 1000 years old.
Does the Bradshaw rock art depict something to do with an arrival of a wave of the people becoming today's Australian Aboriginals? One view is that since the end of the last Ice Age, there has generally been a minimum of 70km of water between Australia and islands to its north, and land bridges may have meant an even shorter distance needed to be sailed. Evidence of human habitation - stone tools about 800,000 years ago - on the Indonesian island of Flores may be able to be related to the Bradshaw rock art problem. Some Bradshaw rock art concerns depictions of people dancing, or animals such as kangaroo or wallaby, but it is the boat art which is the most intriguing. Rather mysteriously, some local Aboriginals regard the Bradshaw paintings as "uknown", and have no explanation for them.
Why the name Bradshaw? Because the first white man to notice them was one Joseph Bradshaw in 1891. How to properly date the paintings? A recently-working researcher on the Bradshaw paintings has been Australian Grahame Walsh, who has visited the area each winter for about 20 years. Walsh now has a library of about 1.2 million photographs of the artefacts. (Article by Graeme Leech in The Australian Magazine, 18-19 July 1998. See a 1997 article in British journal, Nature.
17,000BC: Complete Homo sapiens skeleton found at Olduvia Gorge, Tanzania.
17,000BC: Earliest known use of the boomerang. Once used on almost every continent, but today mostly associated with Australian Aboriginals, who seem to have used it only for the past 10,000 years. A boomerang 19,000 years old has been found in Oblasowa Rock Cave in Southern Poland, of wood, with a span of 28 inches.
17,500BC: Dr. D.J. Mulvaney in 1961 and 1964 unearths human artifacts at Carnarvon National Park in Queensland, Australia, subsequently dated at 19,500 years.
17,800-12,800BC: Tasmania: A Paleolithic site was filled with bones and stones and the charcoal from cooking hearths. The remains are 90% wallaby and 8% wombat.
18,000BC: First nomadic Indian settlers arrive to area of Peru.
18,000BC: In Southern Egypt, earliest evidence for cultivation of wheat and barley, riverside gardens, women's work, little known of plant genetics, but goddess-like control of nature continued for next ?periods? (Miles)
20,000BC In France at Arcy-sur-Cure, cave art depicting dangerous animals such as mammoths, bears and rhinoceros. By 20,000BC, Expansion of people into cold area of Siberia, Eastern Eurasia.
21,000-18,000BC: The site of Kostenki by the River Don was inhabited for ~3,000 years when glaciers moved in. Shelters were built partly underground for warmth with large mammoth bones. The site was first excavated in 1879 and includes human burials, animal bones, female figures of limestone and ivory, necklaces of arctic fox teeth, and headbands of mammoth ivory.
18,000BC to 11,000BC: Magdalenian culture in s/w France, cave sequence, stone tools and bonework, barbed antler harpoons, reindeer the main quarry. Also, salmon fishing.
18,000BC: Late Upper Paleolithic in China, Upper Cave at Chou-k'ou-tien, remains seem to have been of a Mongoloid type. See 4500BC, and observe that China is said to have developed almost independently of the rest of the world.
18,000BC: Legend: Osiris: Osiris is a man from Atlantis who attends a Nacaal college in Egypt, becomes a master, and returns to Atlantis.
18,000BC: Innovations in weapon design include the spear thrower invented about this time.
35,000BC-10,000BC: A rich Paleolithic site, Diuktai Cave, discovered on the Aldan, a tributary of the Lena in Siberia by Dr. Yuri Mochanov ~1968.
Circa 18,000BC: In 1999 a French-led expedition chops clear the fully-preserved carcass of a 20-thousand-year-old woolly mammoth, the "Jarkov Mammoth," from the permafrost of Siberia at Khatanga, Russia.
18,000BC: Wisconsin period of glaciation, last period of such, corresponds with appearance of humans, and beginning of dessication of the Great Basin. (Noted from Cloud).
Paleolithic Man sometimes used mammoth tusks as stakes, as supports for his house. Paleolithic is Old Stone Age, with chipped stone tools, not polished; re hunting of extinct species like mammoths and woolly rhinoceros, and species from Europe such as reindeer, musk ox and hippo. Paleolithic people were hunters as opposed to Neolithic farming cultures. Term Mesolithic refers to cultures before the last Ice Age, so for Europe, Paleolithic means hunters of the Ice Ages, the Pleistocene epoch of geological time, though this term is not used for eg. Australia. Upper or most recent Paleolithic era is about 45,000BC to 35,000BC, though disputed. But there are shaped bone tools as well as engraving or painting of art objects. Upper Paleolithic people are mostly modern-type humans, not Neandertals.
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19,300BC: North-western India: An entire sub-region of India now below water, is above water at this time. Of particular interest is the Sarasvati River, which no longer exists. Once filled with glacial water from the Himalayas, and mentioned in the Indian Vedas, it ran into the Arabian Sea, but disappeared about 10,000BC. (Hancock, Underworld)
15,000-20,000 years ago: In Australian, conditions are: Tasmania is glaciated, ice is on the Snowy Mountains, lakes are at an all-time low, sand dunes move in the desert interior. Sea levels are about 130 metres than presently and so the Great Barrier Reef area is dry land. Between 30,000 and 50,000 years ago, conditions had been much wetter.
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