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1800++: "Never was Empire less the result of design than the British Empire of India." Prof Ramsay Muir in The Making of British India, cited in Ramkrishna Mukherjee, p. xiv.
1799: India: Ranjit Singh founds Sikh kingdom in Punjab, India.
1799: Rosetta Stone discovered in Egypt by French invaders under Napoleon, assisting deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphics.
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New Millennium? 1799, Approx, Editors of The Times newspaper, London, after receiving letters on when the Nineteenth Century would begin, wrote: ..."when the present century ends... is one of the most absurd (questions) that can engage the public attention, and ... it appears plain. The present century will not terminate till January 1, 1801, unless it can be made out that 99 are 100 ... It is a silly, childish discussion, and only exposes the want of brains of those who maintain a contrary opinion to that we have stated."
1798: Napoleon sets out to conquer Egypt.
1797: British Admiral Nelson defeats the Spanish fleet, Cape St Vincent.
1797: A theory on sea salt-circulation is posited in 1797 by the
Anglo-American physicist Sir Benjamin Thompson (later known, after
he moved to Bavaria, as Count Rumford of the Holy Roman Empire),
who also posited that, if merely to compensate, there would have to
be a warmer (Atlantic?) northbound current as well. The fact that
excess salt is flushed from surface waters has global implications,
some of them recognized two centuries ago. Salt circulates, because
evaporation up north causes it to sink and be carried south by deep
currents. (Greenhouse Timeline)
William H. Calvin, The Great Climate Flip-Flop, The Atlantic
Monthly, January 1998, Volume 281, No. 1, pp. 47-64.
1797, 25 July: British naval commander Horatio Nelson has his right elbow shattered by grapeshot during an assault on Tenerife. His arm has to be amputated.
1796: The first vaccine becomes available in Britain for smallpox.
1796: Emperor Qianlong of China relinquishes power, but still directs government (to 1799).
1795: More to come
1794: French spymaster and republican Joseph Fouche has 1900 counter-revolutionaries butchered in Lyons over a 12-week period.
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1794: US artist John Trumbull paints Thomas Jefferson presenting the Declaration of Independence to Congress. (On Jefferson, check Website: gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/03pjeff.html)
1794: Aga Mohammed founds Kajar dynasty and unites all Persia.
1792: Chinese army marches into neighbouring Nepal.
1792: Sheikh Mohammed Ibn Abdul Wahhab, founder of Saudi Arabia, dies.
1791: Publication by Thomas Paine of part one of his radical book, The Rights of Man.
1790: USA: Two Quaker petitions arrive to the House of Representatives in February 1790, prompting a debate on slavery. The USA now has about 700,000 black slaves. Charles Pinckney of South Carolina said: "South Carolina and Georgia cannot do without slaves."
1790: Rediscovery of one of Mexico's greatest relics of Aztec times, a 24-tonne calendar wheel stone, which the Spanish had long before buried. It is uncovered during repair work on the Metropolitan Cathedral.
1790: First emancipation of a convict in New South Wales, case of surgeon John Irving.
1789++: Re United States of America: ... nations "all bear some marks of their origin, and the circumstances which accompanied their birth and contributed to their rise, affect the whole term of their being". de Tocqueville
1789: In Paris, a beheading machine, the guillotine, is developed by a German harpsichord-maker living in Paris, Tobias Schmidt.
14 July 1789, Paris, France, Day of the Storming of the Bastille. The French Revolution...
1789-1790: About Sydney, NSW, a smallpox epidemic kills thousands of the Aboriginal population. As a matter of dispute in Australia, some say that today's Aboriginal oral history on the matter is that the French - La Perouse' men - introduce the problem, not the British.
1780s: The Madness of King George III:
Porphyria soon treatable? Is it a surprise that the rare and
incurable disease that afflicted George III is still not fully
treatable? Symptoms of the disease include port-coloured faeces,
stomach pains, muscle weakness, hypersensitivity to light and
mental illness. Historian Prof. John Rohl at Sussex University
suspects that Mary Queen of Scots suffered the heritable disease,
as did George IV, Queen Victoria and the present Queen's first
cousin, Prince William of Gloucester. The disease arises when the
body produces excessive amounts of molecules called porphyrins, the
building blocks of haem, the iron-rich component of haemoglobin in
the blood. In excess, porphyrins reach toxic levels to the extent
they affect the nervous system, resulting in mental illness.
(Reported 22 May 1999)
1788: Loss in the Pacific Ocean of the French exploration expedition led by La Perouse. Napoleon Bonaparte had attempted to join this expedition. Bonaparte remained interested in Australia, and in 1800 sent French exploration ships (corvettes), Le Naturaliste and Le Geographe, under Captain Nicholas Baudin, accompanied by scientist Francois Peron.
1788: "....It is still curious that the intense and rather spectacular early maritime experience should have left so little mark upon the [Australian] national character. Perhaps there was at work some conscious repudiation of a tradition that was too closely associated with a Britain that had cast them out to that distant shore and appeared to have forgotten them..." - John Bach, Australian maritime historian.
1788++ "There is a kernel of truth in the view of Australians as
somewhat simple-minded folk. Originally settled by the detritus of
eighteenth and early nineteenth century Britain, Australia has the
distinction of being the world's only entirely proletarian country.
It is as if 1930s Tottenham had been picked up and plopped down in
its entirety in a continent of unimaginable beauty, size and
wealth. Their architecture, sense of humour and culture are almost
entirely lower class."
From an article by Australian author Thomas Keneally on
Republicanism in Australia, The Catholic Weekly, March 3,
1993, quoting Andrew Roberts writing originally in London's
Sunday Telegraph.
1788++: "Australian history is almost always picturesque; indeed
it is so curious and strange that it is itself the chiefest novelty
the country has to offer, and so it pushes the other novelties into
second and third place. It does not read like a history, but like
the most beautiful lies, and all of a fresh new sort, no mouldy old
stale ones. It is full of surprises and adventures, and
incongruities, and contradictions and incredibilities; but they are
all true, they all happened."
Mark Twain, Following The Equator". Quoted in article in
The Age, 15 August, 1990, by Jenny Brown, Whose History
Is This - an article on need for revisions of Australian
History.
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1787: More to come
1786-1788, Founding of a British convict colony at Sydney, Australia (Botany Bay, or, New South Wales, or, New Holland).
1785, Writings appear on sado-masochism in the Bastille, Paris, from Marquis De Sade Count Donatien Alphons Francois De Sade, born Paris in 1740.
1785: Stephen Baxter, Revolutions in the Earth. Orion,
2003, 245pp. (The story of Scotsman James Hutton, who overturned
the Bible-based work of C17th archbishop James Ussher, who decided
the Earth was created on a Sunday, 23 October, 4004BC. Hutton's
thesis work was delivered in 1785 by his friend the chemist, Joseph
Black, due to Hutton's shyness.)
1785, Scottish geologist James Hutton introduces concept in geology
of Uniformitarianism, slow processes working at a uniform
rate over millions of years. Christians believed the Earth was only
about 4000 years old. Later appeared the idea of Catastrophism.
(Oppenheimer, Eden In The East)
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1783-1784: British mariner Thomas Forrest visits the East Indies. In 1792 he comments on visits of Indonesian Maccassarmen to northern parts of New Holland, possibly to Carpentaria Bay area, for beche-de-mer. There are rumours of gold to be had in the area.
1782-1809: Rama I reigns in Thailand; founds Chakri dynasty.
1783-1788: Severe famine in Japan.
In 1783 the French become first to use balloons as a means of aerial reconnaissance for warfare.
1782, England, Alleged working of chemicals by Alchemy to produce gold, by chemist and Fellow of the Royal Society, James Price, who committed suicide rather than duplicate the exercise.
1780: Spain: Last victim of the Inquisition is burned at stake in Seville.
1780: Cannibalism still exists on Sumatra, it is claimed in Marsden's History of Sumatra, p. 390, 3rd edition. From J. H. Parry, The European Reconnaissance: Selected Documents. London, Macmillan, 1968., p. 42.
1780s: Slavery on the African West Coast. SBS TV screen
documentary entitled: As it Happened: Cahokia - African
Trade. The upshot is that there was no African tribe on the
West Coast which did not have its own form of participation in the
trans-Atlantic slave trade. West Coast Africans admit this on
guided tours through old slave trading forts. Today, Afro-Americans
when they visit Mother Africa and this part of the coast, and go on
such tours, are often tearfully devastated to find that it is not
only Europeans who can be blamed for the horrific slave trade which
took their ancestors to the Americas.
By the late eighteenth century, England-educated Africans might be
writing on slaving business from the West African coast to people
in Bristol or Liverpool. One-tenth of all slaves were provided by
Wedah, which was managed by Africans. Goree was often managed by
African women who liased with white merchants. One slave market of
West Africa did not close till 1906. To the north of Africa,
African boys were sold to Arabs for use as eunuchs; the death rate
for eunuch candidates was 90 per cent.
(Screened 8 March 2000 in Australia)
1779, Died, English navigator Capt James Cook, Hawaii.
1778 or before: Banff, Scotland. Author of "An Account of the Effects of Electricity in Different Diseases" is Dr James Kenneth Saunders (1717-1778), surgeon and physician at Banff. (See Medical Commentaries of Edinburgh, Vol. 3.)
1777: Korea: Christianity introduced to Korea by Chinese Jesuits.
From BBC Headlines on 28/29th-11-2017, Story by Matthew Vickery.
More than 200 years after the Illuminati was founded to oppose religious influence over daily life, it has become one of the world’s greatest conspiracy theories.
“I have heard there are some meetings here, but where and when, I have no idea,” Sister Anna told me, taking some time to open up on the subject. “I think they come from France, England, all over, but Ingolstadt is the meeting place in Europe.”
Working in the church bookshop opposite Ingolstadt’s colossal Gothic Liebfrauenmünster church, Sister Anna sees, and speaks to, a lot of people. But some remain shrouded in mystery to her: Illuminati pilgrims, who she believes may still carry out secret meetings in the Bavarian city.
The idea that clandestine Illuminati gatherings could be taking place in the small Bavarian city may seem far-fetched, but Ingolstadt does have a history of them. The city is the birthplace of the infamous secret society that has become part myth, part historical truth, and the foundation of countless conspiracy theories.
It was on 1 May 1776 that Adam Weishaupt, a professor of law at the University of Ingolstadt, founded the Order of the Illuminati, a secret organisation formed to oppose religious influence on society and the abuse of power by the state by fostering a safe space for critique, debate and free speech. Inspired by the Freemasons and French Enlightenment philosophers, Weishaupt believed that society should no longer be dictated by religious virtues; instead he wanted to create a state of liberty and moral equality where knowledge was not restricted by religious prejudices. However religious and political conservatism ruled in Ingolstadt at that time, and subject matter taught at the Jesuit-controlled university where Weishaupt lectured was strictly monitored.
After initially handpicking his five most talented law students to join, the network rapidly expanded, its members disseminating Weishaupt’s goals of enlightenment with radical teachings, while at the same time creating an elaborate network of informants who reported on the behaviour of state and religious figures in an effort to build up a wealth of information that the Illuminati could potentially exploit in their teachings. With the help of prominent German diplomat Baron Adolf Franz Friedrich, Freiherr von Knigge – who helped recruit Freemason lodges to the Illuminati cause – the clandestine group grew to more than 2,000 members throughout Bavaria, France, Hungary, Italy and Poland, among other places.
Yet in the city where it all began, this peculiar legacy remains little known among residents.
“Not so many people know about it. But the Illuminati are part of the history of Ingolstadt,” local journalist Michael Klarner explained as we stood outside the old University of Ingolstadt, an unassuming, church-like building just a short stroll from Sister Anna’s bookshop.
“Weishaupt was in many ways a revolutionary,” Klarner continued. “He liked the idea of teaching people to be better human beings. He wanted to change society, he was dreaming of a better world, of a better government. He started the Illuminati with the idea that everything known to human kind should be taught – something that was not allowed here at the university.”
Entering the old university building, I was on the lookout for any sign that Weishaupt’s organisation started within these thick medieval walls, but clues were noticeably absent.
But maybe that shouldn’t be so surprising – the Illuminati, after all, was never meant to be noticed.
The organisation didn’t evade the establishment for long, however. Just a decade after its creation, the secret society was infiltrated by Bavarian authorities after its radical anti-state writings were intercepted by government authorities. The Illuminati was shut down and Weishaupt was banished from Ingolstadt to live the rest of his life in the German city of Gotha, 300km to the north.
Yet the idea of a secret society revolting against the state has captured imaginations ever since, encapsulated in conspiracy theories cooked up by those who believe the Illuminati was never actually disbanded – a claim that has been widely debunked by historians. Even still, conspiracy theorists say that the organisation has been covertly working behind the scenes to subvert authority. The Illuminati has been suggested as the party responsible for the French Revolution, the assassination of US president John F Kennedy and even the 11 September 2001 terror attacks, and has become famous through books and films like Dan Brown’s Angels and Demons.
Weishaupt wanted to change society, he was dreaming of a better world
“The Illuminati conspiracy theory is what we call a ‘superconspiracy’, or basically a conspiracy that controls smaller conspiracies,” said Dr Michael Wood of the University of Winchester, an expert in the psychology of conspiracy theories. “People do talk about the Illuminati, but a lot of the time it's in a joking or self-aware kind of way, almost making fun of the idea of a global conspiracy.”
And all of this began in a modest Bavarian city that’s better known as the setting of Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein than anything else.
Little points to the secret society’s creation in Ingolstadt, except perhaps a small, easily missed plaque outside Weishaupt’s former home, a light blue building on Theresienstrasse street, that marks it as an Illuminati meeting place in the late 18th Century. Yet delve a little deeper, and signs can be found of Ingolstadt’s unlikely role in history.
Tucked behind two sets of metal doors at the Stadtmuseum Ingolstadt (City Museum) I found city archivist Maria Eppelsheimer sifting through row upon row of centuries-old books in search of Ingolstadt’s Illuminati past, written in the words of the founder himself. The thick smell of ageing paper filled the narrow spaces between each bookcase, from which precious archaic hardbacks and delicate manuscripts jutted out.
“I think it’s one of the most interesting topics we look at here,” Eppelsheimer said as she studied the dusty spines in a section dedicated solely to Ingolstadt’s history. She delicately pulled out one of the smallest books on the shelf. It was Apologie der Illuminaten, a 1786 work written by Weishaupt in which he defended the creation of the Illuminati shortly after his exile from the city.
“It’s crazy what the Illuminati has been made into,” the archivist said as she leafed through the pages of the well-worn manuscript. “What it’s been made into has nothing to do with the real Illuminati.”
More of Weishaupt’s words can be found in small, unassuming volumes hidden among the city’s vast archive. It’s as though more than two centuries after its formation, Weishaupt’s Illuminati has continued to remain as elusive as possible.
However there are some people in Ingolstadt, such as Klarner, who are actively trying to bring this unusual historical legacy to light.
“You know Frankenstein is believed to have been based in the city because of the Illuminati,” Klarner said enthusiastically as he took me on a short tour of Ingolstadt’s historical and religious landmarks. “By the French Revolution, there were already theories that the revolution began in Ingolstadt and that the Illuminati were the intellectual fathers of the revolution. This is why many literary theorists believe Mary Shelley knew about Ingolstadt, and why Frankenstein was then set here.”
Klarner regularly leads Illuminati-themed walking tours to educate visitors on the group’s relationship to the city. As we passed the large green, orange and yellow painted buildings of the old city, Klarner reeled off significant Illuminati dates, individuals and information, taking us back to 16th-Century Ingolstadt and the role of 15th-Century university professor Johann Eck in helping to cement the city, and the university in particular, as a bastion for the Catholic faith – something Weishaupt looked to counter two centuries later.
I think there is something here, but what exactly, I don’t know
“Of course we get some conspiracy theorists on the tours I do,” Klarner admitted. “But we can educate them to what is the real truth and what is conspiracy.”
Back at Sister Anna's bookshop, however, the mystery around the Illuminati continues to catch the imagination of the shy nun – despite what the history books may say.
“Some people have come here and asked me about the meetings,” the nun said, leaning over the table as though disclosing a secret. “I think there is something here, but what exactly, in what houses, I don’t know.” (Ends)
1776: Adam Smith completes his book on new-industrialisation and economics, Inquiry into the Wealth of Nations. This soon influenced policy of the British Treasury.
1775-1783, The American War of Independence. The beginning of the end for aristocracy as the dominant model enabling government of populations.
1775-1776, Beginning of the American War of Independence concluding with Treaty of Paris in 1783.
1773: More to come
1772, Discovery of mysterious Easter Island in the Pacific by three Dutch ships, Commander Jacob Roggeveen. (Date from Hancock and Faiia, p. 221).
1772: In St Petersburg, Russia, rulers of Russia, Prussia and Austria sign first of three partitions which end sovereign rule of Poland till 1918.
1772: New Zealand: Marion du Fresne, French explorer - at New Zealand, killed and eaten (along with 15 crew members) at Bay of Islands (northern North Island) in 1772.
1772: So-called sexual revolutionary De Sade seeks an aphrodisiac, and gives prostitutes sweets laced with Spanish Fly, a name for blister beetles found in Southern Europe.
1771: More to come
1770, Captain James Cook charts eastern coast of Australia.
1769: New Zealand: James Cook 1769 lands at several places and times. Cook returns 1773, 1777; introduces pigs and potatoes as source of nutrition for sealers and re-supply of sailors.
1768: More to come
1767: Burmese invade Thailand, destroying its capital, Ayudhya, and forcing Thais to accept Burmese overlordship, but have to withdraw to repulse Chinese invasion of Burma.
1766: More to come
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1765: Date from Russia, re the women credited with bearing the most children of any woman in the world, 69, between 1725 and 1765. (From Prof Croucher's column in Good Weekend)
1764: More to come
1762: Jacques Rousseau publishes his treatise on education, Emile. The book influences The Enlightenment and The Romantic Movement which came later.
1760: More to come
1759: Courtship ritual, In the days of Puritanism in Massachusetts, America, is the custom with courting couples of "bundling" them. In privacy, the young couple is allowed to lie together, fully clothed, to become better acquainted, though without sexual intercourse. The girl might even have her ankles/legs tied together.
1758: Japan: Aoki Konyo, Japanese scholar who introduced the sweet potato into Japan, completes Dutch/Japanese dictionary.
1757: Robert Clive defeats Siraj ud daula, Nawbab of Bengal, at Battle of Plassey.
1756: "Black Hole" of Calcutta.
1756: Exploration of Australian coasts: Voyages of ships Rijider and Buis.
1755: Samuel Johnson issues his Dictionary of English language.
1754: 15 October: Dutch governor-general in Batavia reports to Dutch East India Company on "the Great South Land" - it produces little but trepang, which is dried jelly fish and wax. He sent also a copy of an earlier report of 1705 and would make further inquiries of Macassar and Timor. (Evidently, HQ had been asking fresh questions on the produce of Northern Australia generally.)
1753: Alaungaya reunites Burma; founds last Burmese dynasty, the Kombaung (to 1885).
1752: Last days in Britain of use of the Julian Calendar. Replaced by Gregorian Calendar (an eleven-day difference).
1751: More to come
1750: China: Chinese capture Lhasa and take over state of Tibet.
1749: More to come
1748: More to come
1747: More to come
1746: American scientist Benjamin Franklin begins his research into electricity.
1745: More to come
1744-1767: Herman Samuel Reimarus, professor at Hamburg, argues Jesus was a failed Jewish revolutionary, and his body was removed from his tomb by his followers/disciples. (Baigent/Leigh, Messianic Legacy, on revising the story of Jesus Christ)
1745: Last Jacobite uprising of the Scots against the English by "Bonnie Prince Charlie", unsuccessful.
1744: More to come
1743: More to come
1742: More to come
1741: More to come
1740: Composition and first singing in Britain of God Save The King as national anthem.
1739: More to come
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1738: More to come
In 1737, Abbe de Saint-Pierre completes Observations On The Continuous Progress Of Universal Reason. (An influence on the encyclopedia movement in France)
1736-1747: Nadir Shah reigns as Shah of Persia.
1736-1796: Rule of Qianlong, as Qing emperor; boundaries of empire reach farthest limits; population increases greatly; frequent rebellions crushed ruthlessly.
1735: The Carolinas, colonies in America, receive 8000 slaves from Angola.
1735: Nadir Shah, chief adviser and general to last Safavid ruler in Persia, defeats Turks in great battle at Baghavand and captures Tiflis.
1734: More to come
1733: Appearance of first Masonic Lodges in the American colonies.
1732: More to come
1731: More to come
1730: More to come
1729: An Imperial Chinese edict expresses disapproval of young people taking opium. By the 1770s, the French view was that the Chinese had developed "an unbelievable passion for this narcotic". (Frank Welsh, History of Hong Kong)
1729: Yongzheng sets up Grand Council, an informal and flexible body of military advisers.
1728: More to come
1726: More to come
1725: China: Gujin tushu jicheng, the largest encyclopedia ever printed, in 10,000 chapters, commissioned by Qing emperor Yongzheng.
1725, One date given for formation of Irish Grand Lodge of Freemasons.
1722: Death of Kangxi, enlightened Manchu emperor.
1722-1735: Rule of Manchu emperor Yongzheng; Treaty of Kiakhta signed with Russia; Siberian-Mongolian border defined.
1721: More to come
1720-1723: The bursting in England of the South Sea Bubble. (In 1841, Charles Mackay writes his book on investment bubbles in history, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. Mackay listed more than 100 financial schemes decreed illegal and abolished in Britain in 1720.)
1720: Japan removes its ban on European culture.
1719: More to come
1718: More to come
1717: Formation of Freemason's Grand Lodge of London.
1716: In 1716, members of London lodges resolve to form a Grand Lodge. (Hamill.) Holy Grail (p. 384) suggests that before this, Masonic tombs in England used a motif of a skull and crossbones, signifying burial of a Master Mason. Many such tombs predate the founding of the English Grand Lodge in 1717.
1716-1745: Reforming shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune rules Japan.
1716: Manchu emperor Kangxi sends troops to expel Junkar people from Tibet; in 1720 Kangxi enthrones seventh Dalai Lama as tributary ruler of Tibet.
1715: Jacobite uprising of the Scots against the English, unsuccessful.
1715: Frenchman and government official Benoit de Maillet, writes a book (his name spelled backwards, Telliamed) suggesting that the beginning of life on earth was with germs of life arriving from space, developing into marine organisms in the ocean. But his book did not appear till 1749, eleven years after he died. Voltaire derided such ideas, and also disbelieved in fossils as evidence of much earlier life forms. Colin Wilson feels Maillet should be regarded as the father of evolution.
1713: Peace of Utrecht.
1713: English Freemasonry. York Lodge makes eighteen Masons at Bedford. (Hamill.)
1712: More to come
1711: China: Ch'ing emperors are willing to relax restrictions on foreign trade and English East India Co. is allowed to create a base at Canton.
1711: War between Turkey and Russia.
1710: English Freemasonry. George Grey made a Mason at Bedale. (Hamill.)
1709: Ghilzai people under Mir Vais defeat Persian army; Afghanistan no longer an obedient province of Persian empire.
1709: Death of shogun Tsunayoshi of Japan.
1709: Freemasons' modes of recognition noted and mentioned in The Tatler in London.
1709: A Jesuit priest from Brazil, Father Bartolomeu de Gusmao, demonstrates a hot-air balloon to the Portuguese court at Lisbon. That is, the Montgolfier Bros of Paris were probably not the first people to fly in a balloon. (Source: James/Thorpe).
1708: More to come
1707-1717++: informal meetings of a few scholars in London which led in 1717 to the foundation of the (English) Society of Antiquaries.
1707: India: Death of Mogul emperor Aurangzeb followed by break-up of Mogul empire.
1706: More to come
1705: French ships begin to enter the Pacific Ocean.
1705: Exploration of Australia: Voyage of Dutch ship and Van Delfft to Melville Island, Coburg Peninsula and Croker Island.
1705: Hamill's Chronology on Freemasonry, Re a list for members of a lodge at Scarborough, and first records of a Mason's lodge at York.
1702: More to come
1703: Isaac Newton Elected Fellow of Royal Society in 1672, and in 1703, Newton president of Royal Society, and became friends with Jean Desaguliers (Holy Grail, p. 456), of Sion, who helped spread Freemasonry throughout Europe, associated with Radclyffe, Ramsay, and in 1731 as Master of the Masonic lodge at the Hague, presided over initiation of the first European prince to become a Freemason, Francois, Duke of Lorraine, who when he married to Maria Therese of Austria became Holy Roman Emperor.
1703: In Japan, 47 ronin commit suicide.
1702: More to come
1701: More to come
1700: More to come
*****************Finis***********
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